Applications of 3D Printing Technology

Applications of 3D Printing Technology Lara Soueid Abstract What if we could simply print a bone when we have a shattered one? This has now become possible due to the three-dimensional (3D) printing innovation. 3D technology In our days, technology is advancing at a very rapid pace. Out of the many recent innovations is the three dimensional (3D) technology. It has been exploited in various industries such as the movie production, television, computers, and printers industries. This technology has just recently been introduced into the medical field, more specifically, the 3D printers (Walker A, 2013). There are various medical applications of the 3D printers; some of these are to print prosthetic limbs, and implants. So far, there are many advantages, yet also a few disadvantages to the latter. The three dimensional technology relies on the fact that we see things in 3D by our eyes in our daily, that is we visualize objects by their width, length and depth (3deyehealth.org June12, 2014). The process by which our eyes perceive three dimensional images from two highly similar overlaid images was first described by Sir Charles Wheatstone in 1838 (Sniderman Z, 2011). Another name for 3D is stereoscopy; it explains how our eyes and our brain create an impression of a third dimension. Our eyes are approximately 50-75mm apart, hence each eye perceives a slightly different image which the brain merges using some high powered geometry which is basically the 3D concept (Sniderman Z, 2011). Modern 3D technology is trying to replicate what the brain does to merge the images. This technology tricks the brain in order to perceive two different images from the same source (Wong KV, Hernandez A, 2012).There are multiple uses of the 3D technology, mainly architecture, the movie industry, printing and gaming (Sniderman Z, 2011). 3D printing has recently been on the rise, these machines are able to make anything from simple materials. By doing so they replace traditional factory production lines and make everything in life much easier, a person can easily print a cup or chair, or even a house (Walker A, 2013). 3D printing technologies There are various 3D printing technologies being used, namely selective laser sintering (SLS), fused deposition modeling (FDM) and stereolithography (SLA) (Pravas VS, 2013). The SLS printers use a very powerful laser in order to heat and bind the printing material into the required 3D object by scanning the cross sections generated from the 3D digital file. When each cross section is scanned, the powder bed is automatically lowered one layer thickness and new material is placed above it. The object is surrounded and supported by the same powder it is made from. This process is repeated until the object is complete (Deckard C, Beaman J, Bourell D, 2012). Figure 1: Selective Laser Sintering process, Martello.co.uk, June 12, 2014. The second type is the FDM printers, these printers use a process by which thick filaments are melted and forced through a heated nozzle which forms the object. Once the first layer is formed, the base is lowered and the second layer begins forming and fusing with the first layer. However unlike the SLS, these printers require two different materials, the thick filaments in order to make the object and a support material which surrounds and supports the object while it is being made (Deckard et al., 2012). Figure 2: Fused Deposition Modeling process, 3dprinterplans.info, June 12, 2014. The last type of printers are the SLA printers, these printers use liquid photopolymer resin as the basic material. Photopolymers are materials that are sensitive to light, once exposed to ultraviolet (UV) light, they will immediately harden. The UV laser beam traces a cross section of the object onto the resin, which immediately curs when it is exposed to the light (3ders.org, March 14, 2013). The base then lowers and the top is coated with more resin which again gets exposed to UV light hence hardens and mends to the lower layer. This process is repeated until the object is completed (Deckard et al., 2012). Figure 3: Stereolithography printing process. Pravas VS, 2013. The latter are all additive manufacturing processes which require the help of computers. The 3D object blueprint to be printed must first be modeled three dimensionally on a computer software, most commonly using the computer aided design (CAD) software. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), as well as computed tomography (CT) scan can also be used (Pravas VS, 2013). The CAD file is converted into a Standard Tessellation Language (STL) file which transforms the geometry into small triangles, a header, or a triplet list of x, y and z coordinates. This file is then sliced into cross sections exactly as the printer will print, this file is called a G-Code file which can now be directly interpreted by the printer (Wong KV, Hernandez A, 2012). Table 1: Comparison of 3D printing processes. (3dprinteplans.info, June 12, 2014) There are various applications to 3D printing, such as architecture, automotive, engineering, fashion and numerous others. However the most important applications are the use of 3D printers in medicine to produce implants and prosthetics (3dprinterplans.info, 2014, June 12). Throughout the world, poverty is increasing and living costs as well as the medical costs are also increasing. A prosthetic arm for an amputee would cost on average $3,000 to $30,000 depending on the patient’s age, activities, profession and his health hence making it impossible for anyone except the rich population to be able to buy a prosthetic arm or foot (Turner R, 2009). Lucky for the third world countries people, as well as the middle class people, a novel technology will solve the latter issue. The innovation of the 3D printers has and will change many lives. The process of printing a prosthetic hand relies on the FDM technology. The material used is most often high-performance thermoplastics which are biocompatible, and the average price of a 3D printed prosthetic arm is about $200 (Stratasys Ltd, 2014, June 12). The 3D production of prosthetics is not only cheaper, faster and more practical, it is a revolution which allows every amputee of living a normal life again. The main problem in producing a prosthetic arm or leg is the need of a blueprint or prototype. The patient’s limb is scanned using a CT scanner or a laser-based scanner, this image is then converted into a G-Code file which can be directly printed by the printer in order to produce a new very similar limb (Andrews TM, 2013). There was also a problem of printing the socket (the part that will be attached to the amputated limb) accurately (Stratasys Ltd, 2014, June 12). However this has all been solved by the open end prototypes and blueprints available for everyone to use (Stratasys Ltd, 2014, June 12). Sydney Kendall is a thirteen year old girl from St.Louis, her right arm was amputated due to a boating accident when she was six years old. Senior students in the Washington University in St.Louis studying biomedical engineering printed a prosthetic arm using plastic as the raw material for Sydney. The total cost was only $200. This prosthetic is powered by a battery and controlled by an accelerometer allowing her to move her prosthetic fingers (Washington University in St.Louis Newsroom [WUSTL], 2014). The most recent 3D printed prosthetic hand is the â€Å"Flexy-hand†, produced by Gyrobot Ltd by Steve Wood. This prosthetic arm looks very similar to a natural human hand and it operates like one too. He has used Filaflex flexible filaments which form tendons that are activated by a motor that allows the prosthetic hand to operate very much like a normal human hand. (Krassenstein E, 2014) Maxillofacial prosthetics are also being produced by 3D printers. Usually the conventional maxillofacial prosthetics production requires that an impression from the trauma site is taken, then a plaster positive should be formed, a mould should be made and the specific shape must be carved in the wax, lastly it must be casted in silicone. This is very laborious, time consuming and expensive to be done. Using the 3D technology, the patient’s face should be 3D-scanned, this image will then be converted to the appropriate file to print the perfectly fitting prosthetic part (Wainwright O, 2014, June 12). 3D-printed titanium shoulder and collar bone implants were successfully implanted into three different patients suffering from cancerous bone tumors in Xi’an, China. The bone design was printed using the selective laser sintering technique which fused titatium powder into the exact shape of the patient’s bone. The implants do not cause infections and are very durable and resistant (Zeng C, 2014). This has also been done in the United Kingdom for a cancer patient (Moore G, 2014). Soon, 3D printing will replace manufacturing industries and save millions of lives. Various kinds of implants such as knee caps, skulls, auditory devices, and jaw bones have already been produced by a 3D printer and have successfully been implanted. There are 2 astonishing cases whose patients have been given a second chance to live due to 3D printers. The first case is Stephen Power, he is a survivor of a motorbike accident that shattered his face. His face was reconstructed at Morrison Hospital in Swansea, however, his entire face was reconstructed using custom made 3D printed models, plates, implants and guides. The surgical team used CT scans to create symmetrical 3D models of Power’s skull which they then printed, implanted, and held in place using a printed titanium implant (Griffith H, 2014). The second case is of a 22 year old woman from the Netherlands who had her skull replaced by a 3D printed skull implant. She suffered from a chronic bone disorder which increases the thickness of her skull, neurosurgeons at the University Medical Centre Utrecht pr inted a perfectly fitting durable plastic skull implant (University Medical Center Utrecht [UMCU] research news, 2014). Dr.Bon Verweij of the UMCU says: â€Å"Its now three months after the operation. The patient has fully regained her vision, she has no more complaints, shes gone back to work and there are almost no traces that she had any surgery at all. The printing process of prosthetics and implants requires hours to a few days maximum. There aren’t any documented reactions to the prosthesis or implants, they are cheaper, more durable, more resistant, less laborious and they are FDA approved (Pollack SK, Coburn J, 2013). However the main disadvantage is the expensive price of the printer and the designing program. Most prototypes are open ended and available online for modification and many hospitals and universities now have 3D printers (Stratasys Ltd, 2014, June 12). With the increasing popularity and availability of 3D printers, we are finally ableto create prosthetics and implants under $1000. Even though alternative production methods are present, they are not available to the people that need them most due to their high cost. They are cheap, fast, References 3deyehealth organization team. Seeing in 3D. Retrieved June 12, 2014, from www.3deyehealth.org 3dprinterplans team. (2014, May 6). How To 3D Print – Beginner’s Guide To 3D Printing. Retrieved 2014, June 12, from http://3dprinterplans.info/how-to-3d-print-beginners-guide-to-3d-printing/ Andrews TM. (2013, August 23). Can we really 3D print limbs for amputees? The atlantic magazine. Retrieved 2014, June 12, from http://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2013/08/can-we-really-3-d-print-limbs-for-amputees/278987/ Deckard C, Beaman J, Bourell D. (2012, December 7). [Interviews in the University of Texas]. Retrieved 2014, June 12, from http://www.me.utexas.edu/news/2012/0712_sls_history.php#ch4. Griffith H. (2014, March 12). Pioneering 3D printing reshapes patient’s face in Wales. BBC news. Retrieved 2014, June 12, from http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-wales-26534408 Krassenstein E. (2014, March 10). The Flexy-Hand – The Most Innovative, Useful, Realistic Looking 3D Printed Prosthetic Hand Yet. 3D print blog. Retrieved 2014, June 12, from http://3dprint.com/1500/the-flexy-hand-3d-printed-prosthetic/ Moore G. (2014, February 11). Surgeons have implanted a 3-D printed pelvis into a U.K. cancer patient. Fierce Medical Devices Newsletter. Retrieved 2014, June 12, from http://www.fiercemedicaldevices.com/story/surgeons-have-implanted-3-d-printed-pelvis-uk-cancer-patient/2014-02-11 Pollack SK, Coburn J. (2013, August 15). FDA goes 3-D. FDA voice. Retrieved 2014, June 12, from http://blogs.fda.gov/fdavoice/index.php/2013/08/fda-goes-3-d/ Pravas VS. (2013). 3D Printing – ‘Modern Manufacturing Rapid Prototyping’. Engineers Garage. Retrieved 2014, June 12, from http://www.engineersgarage.com/articles/what-is-3d-printing-modern-manufacturing-and-rapid-prototyping?page=1 Scheineder Prototyping Limited members. Rapid Prototyping Stereolithography (SLA) Models. Retrieved 2014, June 12, from http://www.martello.co.uk/rapid_prototyping.htm Sniderman Z. (2011, February 07). How Does 3D Technology Work? The Innovative Entertainment Series – Dolby. Retrieved 2014, June 12, from http://mashable.com/2011/02/07/how-does-3d-work/ Stratasys limited. FDM technology case studies. Retrieved 2014, June 12, from http://www.stratasys.com/resources/case-studies/medical Turner R. (2009, May 30). Prosthetics costs. Retrieved 2014, June 12, from http://www.disabled-world.com/assistivedevices/prostheses/prosthetics-costs.php University Medical Center Utrecht newsroom. (2014, March 27). University Medical Center Utrecht – Netherlands. Retrieved 2014, June 12, from http://www.umcutrecht.nl/research/news/2014/03/3d-printed-skull-implanted-in-patient.htm Wainwright O. Faces to order: how 3D printing is revolutionizing prosthetics. The guardian. Retrieved 2014, June 12, from http://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/architecture-design-blog/2013/nov/08/faces-3d-printing-prosthetics Walker A. (2013, June 21). 3D printing for dummies: How do 3D printers work? The independent newspaper. Retrieved 2014, June 12 from http://www.independent.co.uk/ Washington University in St.Louis Newsroom. ( 2014, May 7). WUSTL students print pink prosthetic arm for teen girl. Retrieved 2014, June 12, from http://news.wustl.edu/news/Pages/26901.aspx Wong KV, Hernandez A.( 2012). A Review Of Additive Manufacturing. ISRN Mechanical Engineering. Volume 2012. Article ID 208760. Retrieved 2014, June 12, from http://dx.doi.org/10.5402/2012/208760. Zeng C. (2014, June 3). In China, world’s first successful 3D-printed shoulder and collar bone implants. 3ders organization newsroom. Retrieved 2014, June 12, from http://www.3ders.org/articles/20140603-in-china-world-first-successful-3d-printed-shoulder-and-collar-bone-implants.html

Grade 12 Chemistry Notes – History and Development

3. 1 & 3. 2 Chemistry Notes Dalton * In 1805, John Dalton reintroduced the idea to explain 3 fundamental principles Experimental Work * Atoms of different elements have different properties * Law of definite proportion and multiple compositions: atoms of 2 or more elements can combine in a fixed ratio to form new substances depending on their combining capacities (eg. H2O vs H2O2) * Law of conservation of mass: atoms cannot be created or destroyed during a chemical reaction Conclusions * All matter is composed of atoms Atoms are the smallest pieces of matter and cannot be broken down further * All atoms of one element have identical properties Problem * Development of a cathode ray tube (by William Crookes) Thompson (1897) Experimental Work * Used a cathode ray tube a vacuum tube with electrodes at both ends * Found that there were charged particles that were travelling from one end of the tube to the other (from negative end to positive end) Conclusion * Proposed that an atom was a positively charged empty sphere containing negatively charged electrons raisin scone analogy What Thompson left us with? Atoms consist of negative electrons embedded within a positively charged sphere * Analogy of raisin bun often used Milikin’s Famous Oil Drop Experiment * Determined size and charge on electron * Discovered charge on single electron was 1. 6 x 10^19 C How it worked? * Knew mass of single drop of oil, calculated gravity on one drop * Charge was applied to falling drops by illuminating bottom chamber with x-rays, exciting electrons, causing them to attach to oil. * Using a battery, electric voltage was applied to the plates.When just right, the electromagnetic force would balance out the force of gravity, suspending particles in midair. * Noticed charge was always multiples of 1. 6 x 10^19 * Q= mg/E Gold Foil Experiment * Radioactive particles (alpha radiation) were fired at thin gold sheets * Screens coated with zinc sulfide detected the presence of the alpha radiation * Vast majority of alpha particles passed straight through gold sheet, however, approximately 1 in 8000 particles were deflected Chadwick and the Neutron When calculating the mass of specific nuclei, the calculated mass did not correlate with the associated charge of the nucleus * Chadwick proposed that neutral particles must be present to make up for the missing mass * Chadwick proposed a positive nucleus containing neutral particles Isotopes * Mass spectrometers were used to discover that all atoms of the same element were not the same * Elements contained several different forms of isotopes (atoms with the same number of protons, but different numbers of neutrons) Problem with the Rutherford Model Physics – bodies are accelerating when they change speed and/or direction * And electron travelling in a circular orbit is constantly changing its direction and therefore accelerating * This acceleration would result in the electrons emitting electromagnetic radiation, lose electrons, and collapsing the atom as it continuously spirals inward because it is losing electrons Enter Max Plank * Her was studying the emission of light from hot objects * What is visible light? When objects are heated, they emit various colors of light depending on how hot the object is * Ex. â€Å"white hot† objects are emitting the whole range of the visible spectrum * â€Å"red hot† objects emit light with wavelength of the infrared – longest wavelength * â€Å"blue hot† objects are the hottest as they emit light of shortest wavelength * Hot objects emit radiation. The hotter they are, the more energetic the radiation emitted is. The electromagnetic radiation changes as the object gets hotter. * The color of light emitted reveals temperature Explaining Intensity vs.Energy – The staircase which changed physics * Planck suggested that energies of the vibrating atoms in the heated solid were multiples of small quantities of energy (energ y was not continuous) * Introduced the term â€Å"quantum† * The slope is actually more like a staircase * Each step represents a ‘quanta’ of energy * A quanta is derived from quantity and refers to the smallest possible unit of energy that can be associated with a specific sub-microscopic even * An atom has to absorb or release an entire package (quanta) of energy or none at all.There is no ‘in between’ Heinrich Hertz: the photoelectric effect * Photoelectric effect when light is shone on a metal surface, electrons are released from the surface of the metal. The number of electrons released per second can be measured by a connected ammeter * Frequency is different from intensity. Electrons will only jump off if the frequency is right, however, how many electrons jump off will depend on the intensity of the light. How fast they jump off will also increase with higher frequency * The amount of energy in a light wave is proportionally related to its fr equency.High frequency light has high energy, low frequency light has low energy (violet has the most energy and red has the least) Einstein puts 2 and 2 together * In 1905, Einstein received the Nobel Prize for applying Planck’s idea to the photoelectric effect * When light strikes metal, some of the energy is used to allow the electron to break free from the metal, the rest of the energy is left over as the kinetic energy of the ejected electron * If one electron absorbs one photon (quanta of energy), it must be great enough or the electron to be able to escape * No electrons escape at low photon energies because the energy of the single photon was insufficient for the electron to escape the metal Energy of Quanta of Energy – Photons * E = h x f, where E is the amount of energy in joules (J), h is Planck’s constant 6. 6 x 10^-34, and f is the frequency in hertz * A photon is a packet of energy, with energy values corresponding to the frequency of the electroma gnetic wave Einstein’s Proposals Light is quantized like a particle (photon) * Light exist as bundles of photons, with each photon independent of each other * This means that light has certain particle properties as well * The energy of a photon is proportional to its frequency and nothing else. * Therefore, a phonon is a small packet of energy corresponding to a specific frequency of light (E=hf) Spectroscopy The spectroscope was invented by Robert Bunsen and Gustav Kirchhoff in the 1850s to study light * When white light passes through spectroscope (containing a prism or diffraction grating), the light is divided into a continuous rainbow of colors (continuous spectrum) Bunsen and Kirchhoff (1859): invented the spectroscope * When elements were heated in a Bunsen burner flame, each element produced a flam color and a bright line spectrum that was characteristic of the element * Continuous Spectrum – a display of all colors.It comes from the â€Å"dispersion† ( refraction) of white light passing through a prism * Dark Line spectrum (absorption spectrum) – certain colors are missing from a display of colors produced by white light passing through a gas and then through a prism. These missing lines enable scientists to identify the gas that the light passed through * Bright line spectrum (emission spectrum) – when a gas is â€Å"energized† by electricity or heat or light, the gas emits light of a specific color (not white light). When this light is passed through a prism it is refracted into a pattern of a few bright lines of color.Each substance has a unique, bright line â€Å"signature†. This pattern of colored lines represents the same pattern of dark lines of missing color in the dark line spectrum] Bohr’s theory was needed to explain the bright/dark spectrum and Einstein’s photons 1. Electrons travel in an atom in circular orbits. Each orbit represents a specific energy level. All electrons in o ne orbit/energy level will have the same amount of energy, which is quantized (discrete packet) 2. There is maximum number of electrons allowed in each orbit 3. When electrons absorb a photon of light, they jump from a lower energy level to a higer energy level.This absorption of a photon of light energy results in a dark line in the absorption spectrum 4. When electrons jump from a higher energy level to a lower energy level, energy is released as a photon of light. This release of photon from the atom results in the bright line in the emission spectrum 5. When electrons are at the lowest energy level, they are in â€Å"ground state† How does Bohr’s Energy levels of electrons relate to the periodic table? * Each period represents one energy level – Period 1 1 Energy level, Period 2 2 energy levels, etc. There is a maximum number of electrons in each lever (level 1 2 electrons, level 2 8 electrons, level 3 8 electrons) Power Point 2 Problems with Planetary Model * If electrons were accelerating, photons of electromagnetic radiation should be emitted * Obviously this is not the case * The Rutherford planetary model is insufficient as a model to explain matter Quantum Theory * All electrons in all atoms can be described by 4 unique quantum numbers * Quantum numbers are used to describe the approximate location and characteristics of electrons surrounding an atom based on the energy levels of an atom * There are 4 quantum numbers Principle quantum number (n) * Designates main E level of electron * Secondary quantum number (l) * Describes E sublevels of electrons * Magnetic Quantum Number (ml) * Relates to direction of electron orbit * Spin Quantum number (ms) * Relates to the spin of an electron Principle Quantum Number (n) * n=1, 2, 3, 4 etc. * n=1 means Energy level 1 and so on Secondary Quantum number, l * (l) describes shapes of sublevels (subshells) of the main energy level * Sommerfeld looked more closely at the H line spectrum. Found t hat main lines of bright line spectrum split into more lines. The number of sublevels equals the value of the principle quantum number * Has integral values from 0 to (n-1) for each value of n * If n=3, then there are three sublevels. L = 0, 1, 2 * Each l number represents a possible shape of the orbital. (hence if l=0, 1, 2, then there are 3 possible shapes) Third Quantum Number: Magnetic Quantum number, ml * describes the orientation of electron orbital in space (therefore orbitals could exist at different angles to each other in 3-d) * For each value of l, ml, can vary from -1 to 1 Shapes of Orbitals ‘s’ (l=0) orbital is spherical, ml = 0 * ‘p’ (l=1) , ml = -1, 0, 1 * ‘d’ (l=2) , ml = -2, -1, 0, 1, 2 * ‘f’ (l=3) orbitals are much more complex, ml = -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3 Classification of Energy Subshells * Each distinct sublevel has specific number of orbitals. * Each orbital has a different orientation The spin quantum number, ms * Pauli – each electron spins on its axis in one of 2 ways clockwise or counterclockwise * The spin quantum possesses only two values; either +1/2 (clockwise) or -1/2 (counter-clockwise) New Orbital Way Orbitals are 3 dimensional probability distribution graphs which help chemists visualize where electrons are most likely to be found Electron Orbitals * An electron orbital is described as the region of space where an electron may be found * Orbits are rings surrounding the nucleus, whereas orbitals are probability clouds or clouds of electron density * More than one orbital can be found within an energy level Pauli’s Exclusion Principle * No two electrons in an atom can have the same 4 quantum numbers!

The Self Assessment Questionnaire Revealed - 1658 Words

The self-assessment questionnaire revealed a lot about my outlook and my understanding towards different cultures. This first section of questions was based on ethnocentrism, which is described as being â€Å"ignorant of the relation of culture to behavior and self, lacking competency in understanding cross-cultural issues, and lacking appreciation of the effects of historical and contemporary racism† (Winkelman, 2009). My answers scored a value of 2 on a range from 0-12, where 0 is described as normal and 12 as being fully ethnocentric. This result shows that I do have a very slight ethnocentric tendency since it’s not a score of 0, but for the most part, that I do not have an ethnocentric personality. Therefore, I do not consider my culture superior to others and that I am aware of the various differences in cultures. 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Variance Inflation Factors Test Variance Inflation Factors - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2411 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Narrative essay Tags: Inflation Essay Did you like this example? The sum of purpose most peoples aspect at a  balance sheet  is to treasure out a banks working capital or present position. It exposes more about the financial situation of a business than almost any additional calculation. It expresses that what would be left if a bank elevated the miniature term resources, and placed them to pay off its small term liabilities. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Variance Inflation Factors Test Variance Inflation Factors" essay for you Create order The additional working capitals, a smaller amount financial stress a bank considerate. By understanding a banks position, you can clearly see if it has the capitals compulsory to develop internally or if it will have to turn to a bank and take on debt. Working Capital is very simple of all the balance sheet intentions. The formula is Working Capital = Current Asset Current Liability One of the highest profits of watching at the working capital situation is being able to prediction any financial problems that may rise. A business that has billions of dollars in fixed assets will rapidly find itself in bankruptcy law court if it cant pay its scheduled bills. Under the best situations, poor working capital indications to financial burden on a company, improved appropriating, and late payments to creditor all of which result in a lower credit rating. A cheaper credit rating means banks charge a higher interest rate, which can cost a establishment a proportion of money over time. A rich business with strong returns and high incomes may not be a strong business. Especially if it absences sufficient cash flow to address future working capital needs. By managing of working capital competently, you can guarantee an satisfactory cash flow to meet your short-term overheads and commitments. Your working capital is resolute by three main factors: a) Collections b ) Credit Terms c) Inventory Management The effect of working capital management on effectiveness and liquidity is hardly contended. The main thrust of this work is to determine the connection between working capital management and bank cash holding in Mauritius. Sheet data casing the ten-year period 2009 2011 was examined within the background of the casual effects technique was used for the exhibition and analysis of conclusions. The outcomes show that while borrowers collection period, cash translation cycle, capital structure, bank size have expressively harmful relationship with the cash position of banks, creditors payment period and profitability have significantly positive relationship with the cash position of banks in Mauritius. The revelations in this paper go to inform bank managers and policy makers on the direction of managing bank working capital in order to ensure satisfactory liquidity. As the global economy gets out of the credit crunch- a condition where cre dit is either not available or expensive to attract-, certain lessons need not be brushed under the carpet so soon. Among the key reasons advanced by experts as the main causes of the crunch were questionable corporate governance practices, inadequate stock market regulation, mismanagement of the general economy and bad practices of market participants. Eventually, banks and other financial institutions were plunged into liquidity problems. In as much as the global economy puts in efforts to handle the major causes of the crunch managers of financial institutions should also search for measures to ensure adequate liquidity. One of such measures that this paper seeks to address is the management of working capital. Working capital management is the instruction, modification, and control of the equilibrium of present assets and present liabilities of a firm such that growing compulsions are met, and the fixed assets are properly serviced. Deakins et al, (2003) assert that this process tends to improve management of cash flow and cash conversion cycle in addition. Review of Literature: Theoretical reflection: The main objective of working capital management is to conserve an optimal balance among each of the working capital contraption. Business success heavily depends on the financial executives capability to efficiently manage receivables and loans, account, and payables (Filbeck and Krueger, 2005). Firms can diminish their bankrolling costs and raise the funds available for development projects by reducing the amount of speculation tied up in current assets. Van Horne (1995) explains that, working capital management is the administration of current assets in the name of cash, merchantable securities, receivables and staff loans, and inventories. Osisioma (1997) recognized that good working capital management must guarantee an suitable relationship between the different mechanisms of a firms working capital so as to make an efficient mix, which will guarantee capital acceptability. Thus, working capital management should make sure that the necessary amounts of each element of the work ing capital are available for management. However, the question is What controls the necessary workings of a bank are working capital and how much of such necessary components can be observed as acceptable or desirable? The necessary mechanisms of an establishments working capital, basically, depend on the type of business and industry. Cash, debtors, receivables, accounts, marketable securities, and redeemable futures can be predictable as the mutual components of organizations working capital. However, the question is to recognize the factors that regulate the capability of working capital based on growth, size, operating cash flow, etc. The incapability to understand the influential factors and dimension of passable amounts of working capital will main an association to bankruptcy. Determination of cash level of Bank: Among the key factors which inspiration level of cash situation of firms comprise but not incomplete to leverage, firm size, growth occasions, efficiency of firms, firm productivity, age, previous level of cash and firm risk. (Kim et al., 1998; Ferreira and Vilela, 2004; Ozkan 2004) establish a discount in cash levels when firms raise their financial influence. This may be because the advanced the financial leverage, the higher the budgets of the funds used to advance in liquid assets (Baskin, 1987). According John (1993) maintains, firms that can access the debt market can alternative to providing as a additional for liquid assets. Size is another momentous variable that affects cash holdings. The traditional models to determine the optimal cash levels (Baumol, 1952; Miller and Orr, 1966), or more recent models such as that of Mulligan (1997), demonstrate that there are economies of scale associated with the cash levels required to confront the normal transactions of the firm, so that larger firms can keep lower cash holdings. Moreover, firm size is related to another set of factors that may influence liquidity levels. More specifically, smaller firms suffer more severe information asymmetries (Berger, Klapper and Udell, 2001), more financial constraints (Fazzari and Petersen, 1993) and they are more likely to suffer financial distress (Rajan and Zingales, 1995). Also, financial distress is related with high fixed costs and these costs are consistently better for minor firms. Therefore, we would imagine a adverse relation between firm size and cash properties. Expressive Statistics: Figure 1 shows the expressive statistics of the element used in the study. The mean (average Deviation) quantity of cash detained by banks to total assets, over the study dated was about 24%. Banks seemed to have a cash translation rotation of 18years on a 365-day. This loans support to the much established view that most banks are extremely levered. Accordingly it is not amazing that total debt accounted for about 88 % of total resources. The log of bank assets had a mean (standard deviation) of 7.8 while bank growth is around at about 58% but these ends seemed to be attained by few banks as the difference is extensive. Also, on the regular, about 5% of banks are listed on the Mauritius Stock Exchange. Finally, banks achieved well based on the ratio of incomes before interest and taxes to equity (with a mean of about 88%). Figure 1 Variable Definition Sign CTA Ratio of cash to Net total Asset for Bank  CPP Creditor payment period Positive DCP Debtor collection period Negative CCC Cash conversion cycle Negative TDA Leverage= Ratio of total Debt and Asset for bank Negative GRO Banking growth Negative PROF Profitability Ratio Positive CTAC Change in cash position Positive Correlation analysis and variance inflation Test: Two main tests were used to test the presence of multi correlation among the regresses. The results of the two tests are reported in figure 2. Virtually all the variables are not highly associated. Because of the high level of correlation between Cash Conversion Cycle (CCC) and Creditors Collection Period (CCP), the stepwise reversion method was accepted. This gave rise to two models: model 1 which accepted CCC but included CCP and DCP; and model two which only used CCC. Then the variance inflation factors for the two representations were appraised. The variance inflation factors means of model 1 and 2 of 1.50 and 1.43 correspondingly, fall within the standard for accepting that the regresses are not highly connected and therefore the presence of multi correlation is not important. Research Plan: Research Perceptions: Working capital related problems are cited among the most important reasons for the failure of country and community banks in Mauritius (Owusu-Frimpong, 2008). As working capital management is related to short-term financial planning and cash level or liquidity in general represents a major indicator for short-term performance, the effective and efficient working capital management should be of crucial importance, hence this study. The important role played by banks in developing countries like Mauritius has been acknowledged, over the past years. Not only are banks important for vitality of retail and microfinance business sectors, but they also serve as a major source of funding for non-financial firms (Abor, 2005) and provide new jobs for citizens in the country. Besides, banks also have a important qualitative input to the Mauritian economy through development of innovative financial products. In addition, the importance of banks to the development of the Mauritian economy is m uch more thoughtful, given the low level of development of our capital market. The banking industry also appears not to be unappealing, given the recent invasion of both Mauritian and foreign banks into the country. Research Design: The paper proceeds as followings. Chapter 1 presents the background of this empirical literature, chapter 2 presents theoretical models of the banking cash holdings; Chapter 3 describes the theoretical background of Working capital management; Chapter 4 discusses the literature review of relationship between the corporate cash holdings and working capital management; Chapter 5 correction analysis and variance inflation test; Chapter 6 concludes. Here, after all I mention the Referencing. Data collection methods: Secondary data: Secondary data will be exploited for the research, among which rank textbooks, journals, research papers, websites and so forth. The textbooks are mainly available in the library of Oceana Isitech Business School, and the journals and research papers are accessed mainly through E-Library of Amaron, By cross-searching databases such as Academic Search Complete ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒâ€¹Ã¢â‚¬  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ « Journals online, Business Source Complete, using key words Working capital management, Cash flow process of banks and Mauritius economic report, around twenty relevant journal articles were obtained. Therefore, the numbers of relevant journal articles are rather limited. More textbooks and journals articles need to be accessed for future detailed research purpose. My first research question will be mainly based on these secondary data. Primary Data: My primary data will typically base on questionnaires and relatively less on interviews. The questionnaires serve to answer the second and part of the third question. The first type of evaluation may involve issues related to the financial strategy of the MPCB bank. The second type of evaluation will explore issues such as ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒâ€¹Ã¢â‚¬  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ «ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒâ€¹Ã¢â‚¬  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ «. To understand the logic of Working Capital and Cash holding management, I intend to do questionnaires both at MPCB, HSBC. It will be easy to do the survey at HSBC since I am working there as a trainee and our line manager promised to help me if necessary. For the questionnaire at the MPCB bank, I still need to contact the parties involved. The detailed questions to be employed also need further consideration. Research Principles: Ethical issues: As a part of a desirable dissertation, it is required that we MBA Finance candidates follow the ethics method established by the Coventry University. Ethics in relation to research, according to BES, refers to the processes involved in conducting research to the highest standards of moral conduct thereby protecting the rights, feelings and welfare of all those involved in the research whether directly or indirectly (Jewell Hardie, 2008: 149) I will follow every detail of the BES Ethical Guidelines, making all efforts to avoid harm to anyone, to conduct the research honestly, to acknowledge others input, to respect subjects privacy, to protect subjects physical or mental wellbeing and to ask for permission from the owners before using others intellectual property. Also I will complete the relevant information required in the Ethics Compliance Form. All the questions involved in the interview and questionnaire I will discuss with my supervisor. I will first gain the permission of my subjects and any relevant party before doing the interview and/ or questionnaire and express my appreciation for their help and cooperation. Plagiarism: I have gained a clear thoughtful of what plagiarism means, of which a typical case is copying from a source without expressing acknowledgement, and I also realize how to avoid plagiarism. In any case when I use information from other sources, I will acknowledge the relevant contribution by providing appropriate in-text citation and a list of references at the end of the dissertation. I promise this dissertation is my own work. Referencing: Filbeck, G. and Krueger, T. (2005), Industry Related Differences in Working Capital Management, Mid-American Journal of Business, Vol. 20, No. 2, pp. 11-18. Osisioma, B. C. (1997). Sources and management of working capital. Journal of Management Sciences, Awka: Vol 2. January. Lyroudi, K. and Lazaridis, Y. (2000). The cash conversion cycle and liquidity analysis of the food industry in Greece (Electronic Version). EFMA 2000 Athens. Marfo-Yiadom, E. and Agyei, S. K. (2011). Determinants of Dividend Policy of Banks in Ghana International Research Journal of Finance and Economics, Issue 61 pp. 99-108. Michaelas, N., Chittenden, F. and Poutziouris, P.(1999) Financial Policy and Capital Structure choice in UK SMEs: Evidence From Company Panel Data. Small Business Economics; 12 (2): 113-130. Miller, M. H. and Orr, D. (1966). A Model of the Demand for Money by Firms. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 80, 413-435. Minton, B. A. and Schrand, C. M. (1999). The Impact of Cash Flow Volatility on Discretionary Investment and the Costs of Debt and Equity Financing. Journal of Financial Economics, 54, 423-460. Mulligan, C. B. (1997). Scale Economies, the Value of Time, and the Demand for Money: Longitudinal Evidence from Firms. Journal of Political Economy, 105, 1061-1079. Myers, S. (1977). Determinants of Corporate Borrowing. Journal of Financial Economics, 5, 147-175. Myers, S. and Majluf, N. (1984). Corporate Financing and Investment Decisions When Firms Have Information that Investors Do Not Have. Journal of Financial Economics, 13, 187-220. Titman, S. and Wessels, R. (1988). The Determinants of Capital Structure Choice. Journal of Finance, 43, 1-19.